I just finished reading the second trial of using probiotics (DFM). This study was done by Randy Oliver and was published in the American Bee Journal May 2024. And his results were pretty darn conclusive that there were no health benefits in terms of weight gain or recovery of gut microbiomes. Or as he put it, “Our data did not provide any supportive evidence for claims…as improvement in colony strength or performance, or via genetic analysis of their effect upon the endosymbiont microbiomes, or pathogens in the bees’ bodies.”